Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. METHODS: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. RESULTS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. CONCLUSIONS: the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

Dynamics of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae following PCV10 introduction in Brazil: Nationwide surveillance from 2007 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Brazil introduced 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) into its immunization program in 2010. We assessed antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) obtained from a national surveillance system for invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) before/after PCV10 introduction. METHODS: Antimicrobial non-susceptible isolates were defined as intermediate or resistant. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin and ceftriaxone were analyzed by year. Antimicrobial susceptibility rates were assessed for each three-year-period using the pre-PCV10-period as reference. Susceptibility of vaccine-types was evaluated for 2017-2019. RESULTS: 11,380 isolates were studied. Spn with penicillin ≥ 0.125 mg/L and ceftriaxone ≥ 1.0 mg/L decreased in the three-years after PCV10 introduction (2011-2013: penicillin, 28.1-22.5%; ceftriaxone, 11.3%-7.6%) versus pre-PCV10-years (2007-2009: penicillin, 33.8-38.1%; ceftriaxone, 17.2%-15.6%). After 2013, the proportion of Spn with those MICs to penicillin and ceftriaxone increased to 39.4% and 19.7% in 2019, respectively. Non-susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone increased in 2014-2016, and again in 2017-2019 especially among children < 5 years with meningitis (penicillin, 53.9%; ceftriaxone, 28.0%); multidrug-resistance reached 25% in 2017-2019. Serotypes 19A, 6C and 23A were most associated with antimicrobial non-susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: Antimicrobial non-susceptible Spn decreased in the three-years after vaccination but subsequently increased and was associated with non-PCV10-types. Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance is fundamental for guiding antibiotic therapy policies.

Modeling the cost-effectiveness of maternal acellular pertussis immunization (aP) in different socioeconomic settings: A dynamic transmission model of pertussis in three Brazilian states.

OBJECTIVES: Using dynamic transmission models we evaluated the health and cost outcomes of adding acellular pertussis (aP) vaccination of pregnant women to infant vaccination in three Brazilian states that represent different socioeconomic conditions. The primary objective was to determine whether the same model structure could be used to represent pertussis disease dynamics in differing socioeconomic conditions. METHODS: We tested three model structures (SIR, SIRS, SIRSIs) to represent population-level transmission in three socio-demographically distinct Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraná and Bahia. Two strategies were evaluated: infant wP vaccination alone versus maternal aP immunization plus infant wP vaccination. Model projections for 2014-2029 include outpatient and inpatient pertussis cases, pertussis deaths, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost, and costs (in 2014 USD) of maternal aP vaccination, infant vaccination, and pertussis medical treatment. Incremental cost per DALY averted is presented from the perspective of the Brazilian National Health System. RESULTS: Based on goodness-of-fit statistics, the SIRSIs model fit best, although it had only a modest improvement in statistical quantitative assessments relative to the SIRS model. For all three Brazilian states, maternal aP immunization led to higher costs but also saved infant lives and averted DALYs. The 2014 USD cost/DALY averted was $3068 in Sao Paulo, $2962 in Parana, and $2022 in Bahia. These results were robust in sensitivity analyses with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios exceeding per capita gross regional product only when the probability that a pertussis case is reported was assumed higher than base case implying more overt cases and deaths and therefore more medical costs. CONCLUSIONS: The same model structure fit all three states best, supporting the idea that the disease behaves similarly across different socioeconomic conditions. We also found that immunization of pregnant women with aP is cost-effective in diverse Brazilian states.

The data used to build the models: Pertussis morbidity and mortality burden considering various Brazilian data sources.

BACKGROUND: Pertussis is associated with significant disease burden in children worldwide. In addition to its cyclical nature, resurgences of pertussis cases, hospitalizations and deaths have been reported by many countries. We describe the dynamics of pertussis in Brazil, a middle-income country that has experienced a resurgence and that provides good quality data to allow building a dynamic transmission disease model. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analysis of pertussis burden considering data from the national disease surveillance system, national hospitalization information system and national mortality registry. Study period was 2000-2016. Absolute numbers and rates per 100,000 inhabitants over time, by age sub-groups and geographical regions are presented. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2016, a total of 37,299 reported pertussis cases, 25,240 hospitalizations, and 601 deaths due to pertussis were reported. Although the outcomes - pertussis cases, hospitalizations, and deaths - come from independent information systems, our results document low disease burden with periodic increases every 3-4 years during the years 2000-2010, followed by a sharp increase which peaked in 2014. In both periods, disease burden is concentrated in young children, while its more serious outcomes - hospitalizations and deaths, are concentrated in infants. Pre-outbreak and outbreak disease burden as well as timing of peak during the outbreak period vary by states and within geographical regions, representing valuable resources of data for modelling purposes. CONCLUSION: Consistent disease burden patterns were observed over time in Brazil using a variety of data sources. Given the scarcity of good epidemiological data on pertussis available from low- and middle-income countries, our reported data provide valuable information for the assessment of the public health impact and cost-effectiveness modelling studies of newer strategies to prevent and control pertussis. These data were used to build and calibrate a national dynamic transmission model, which was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of maternal immunization. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Not applicable.

Cost-effectiveness of maternal pertussis immunization: Implications of a dynamic transmission model for low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of maternal acellular pertussis (aP) immunization in low- and middle-income countries using a dynamic transmission model. METHODS: We developed a dynamic transmission model to simulate the impact of infant vaccination with whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine with and without maternal aP immunization. The model was calibrated to Brazilian surveillance data and then used to project health outcomes and costs under alternative strategies in Brazil, and, after adjusting model parameter values to reflect their conditions, in Nigeria and Bangladesh. The primary measure of cost-effectiveness is incremental cost (2014 USD) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY). RESULTS: The dynamic model shows that maternal aP immunization would be cost-effective in Brazil, a middle-income country, under the base-case assumptions, but would be very expensive at infant vaccination coverage in and above the threshold range necessary to eliminate the disease (90-95%). At 2007 infant coverage (DTP1 90%, DTP3 61% at 1 year of age), maternal immunization would cost < $4,000 per DALY averted. At high infant coverage, such as Brazil in 1996 (DTP1 94%, DTP3 74% at 1 year), cost/DALY increases to $1.27 million. When the model's time horizon was extended from 2030 to 2100, cost/DALY increased under both infant coverage levels, but more steeply with high coverage. The results were moderately sensitive to discount rate, maternal vaccine price, and maternal aP coverage and were robust using the 100 best-fitting parameter sets. Scenarios representing low-income countries showed that maternal aP immunization could be cost-saving in countries with low infant coverage, such as Nigeria, but very expensive in countries, such as Bangladesh, with high infant coverage. CONCLUSION: A dynamic model, which captures the herd immunity benefits of pertussis vaccination, shows that, in low- and middle-income countries, maternal aP immunization is cost-effective when infant vaccination coverage is moderate, even cost-saving when it is low, but not cost-effective when coverage levels pass 90-95%.

Comparison of static and dynamic models of maternal immunization to prevent infant pertussis in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This paper compares cost-effectiveness results from two models of maternal immunization to prevent pertussis in infants in Brazil, one static, one dynamic, to explore when static models are adequate for public health decisions and when the extra effort required by dynamic models is worthwhile. METHODS: We defined two scenarios to explore key differences between static and dynamic models, herd immunity and time horizon. Scenario 1 evaluates the incremental cost/DALY of maternal acellular pertussis (aP) immunization as routine infant vaccination coverage ranges from low/moderate up to, and above, the threshold at which herd immunity begins to eliminate pertussis. Scenario 2 compares cost-effectiveness estimates over the models' different time horizons. Maternal vaccine prices of $9.55/dose (base case) and $1/dose were evaluated. RESULTS: The dynamic model shows that maternal immunization could be cost-saving as well as life-saving at low levels of infant vaccination coverage. When infant coverage reaches the threshold range (90-95%), it is expensive: the dynamic model estimates that maternal immunization costs $2 million/DALY at infant coverage > 95% and maternal vaccine price of $9.55/dose; at $1/dose, cost/DALY is $200,000. By contrast, the static model estimates costs/DALY only modestly higher at high than at low infant coverage. When the models' estimates over their different time horizons are compared at infant coverage < 90-95%, their projections fall in the same range. CONCLUSIONS: Static models may serve to explore an intervention's cost-effectiveness against infectious disease: the direction and principal drivers of change were the same in both models. When, however, an intervention too small to have significant herd immunity effects itself, such as maternal aP immunization, takes place against a background of vaccination in the rest of the population, a dynamic model is crucial to accurate estimates of cost-effectiveness. This finding is particularly important in the context of widely varying routine infant vaccination rates globally. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Not applicable.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study / Dor aguda pós-operatória intensa autorreferida por crianças após cirurgias ambulatoriais: um estudo de coorte / Dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado por niños después de cirugías ambulatorias: un estudio de cohort

ABSTRACT Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivos: estimar a incidência e os fatores de risco para dor pós-operatória intensa autorreferida no primeiro dia pós-alta. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 279 crianças de ambos os sexos (5-12 anos), com indicação para cirurgia ambulatorial em dois hospitais brasileiros. As crianças foram avaliadas no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e primeiro dia pós-alta. As Escala de Faces de Dor Revisada e Escala de Ansiedade Pré-operatória de Yale Modificada foram utilizadas. Dor aguda pós-operatória foi definida como pontuação ≥6. Análises de regressão de Cox foram realizadas. Resultados: a incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 15,8% (IC95%: 10,7%-20,4%) no primeiro dia pós-alta. Ansiedade pré-operatória (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dor préoperatória intensa (HR=2,78; p=0,031) e ter sido submetido a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) foram associados à dor pós-operatória. Conclusões: a incidência de dor intensa autorreferida no pós-operatório foi elevada. Ansiedade, dor pré-operatória intensa e submissão a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos foram confirmados como fatores de risco.

RESUMEN Objetivos: estimar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado el primer día después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio de cohorte con 279 niños de ambos sexos, 5-12 años, indicados para cirugía ambulatoria en dos hospitales brasileños, evaluados en el preoperatorio, inmediato y el primer día posoperatorio. Se utilizaron: Faces Pain Scale-Revised y Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Dolor posoperatorio agudo fue una puntuación ≥6. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la incidencia de dolor postoperatorio agudo fue del 15,8% (IC 95%: 10,7%-20,4%) en el primer día postoperatorio. Ansiedad preoperatoria (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dolor preoperatorio agudo (HR=2,78; p=0,031) y haber sido sometido a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) se asociaron con dolor postoperatorio agudo. Conclusiones la incidencia de dolor agudo autoinformado en el postoperatorio después del alta hospitalaria fue alta. Ansiedad, dolor preoperatorio agudo y haber realizado dos intervenciones quirúrgicas al mismo tiempo fueron factores de riesgo.

Severe acute postoperative pain self-reported by children after ambulatory surgeries: a cohort study / Dor aguda pós-operatória intensa autorreferida por crianças após cirurgias ambulatoriais: um estudo de coorte / Dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado por niños después de cirugías ambulatorias: un estudio de cohort

ABSTRACT Objectives: to estimate the incidence and the risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain self-reported on the first day after hospital discharge. Methods: cohort study with 279 children from both sexes (5-12 years old), indicated for ambulatory surgery in two Brazilian hospitals. Children were assessed at the pre-surgery, immediate postoperative and first postoperative day. Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Modified were used. Severe postoperative pain was defined as score ≥6. Cox regression analyses were used. Results: the incidence of severe postoperative pain was 15.8% (95%CI:10.7%-20.4%) on the first postoperative day. Preoperative anxiety (HR=2.23; p=0.049), severe preoperative pain (HR=2.78; p=0.031) and having undergone two surgical procedures (HR=2.91; p=0.002) were associated with severe postoperative pain. Conclusions the incidence of severe postoperative pain self-reported after hospital discharge was high. Anxiety and severe preoperative pain, in addition to performing two surgical procedures at the same time were confirmed as risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivos: estimar a incidência e os fatores de risco para dor pós-operatória intensa autorreferida no primeiro dia pós-alta. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 279 crianças de ambos os sexos (5-12 anos), com indicação para cirurgia ambulatorial em dois hospitais brasileiros. As crianças foram avaliadas no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e primeiro dia pós-alta. As Escala de Faces de Dor Revisada e Escala de Ansiedade Pré-operatória de Yale Modificada foram utilizadas. Dor aguda pós-operatória foi definida como pontuação ≥6. Análises de regressão de Cox foram realizadas. Resultados: a incidência de dor pós-operatória foi de 15,8% (IC95%: 10,7%-20,4%) no primeiro dia pós-alta. Ansiedade pré-operatória (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dor préoperatória intensa (HR=2,78; p=0,031) e ter sido submetido a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) foram associados à dor pós-operatória. Conclusões: a incidência de dor intensa autorreferida no pós-operatório foi elevada. Ansiedade, dor pré-operatória intensa e submissão a dois procedimentos cirúrgicos foram confirmados como fatores de risco.

RESUMEN Objetivos: estimar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de dolor postoperatorio agudo severo autoinformado el primer día después del alta hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio de cohorte con 279 niños de ambos sexos, 5-12 años, indicados para cirugía ambulatoria en dos hospitales brasileños, evaluados en el preoperatorio, inmediato y el primer día posoperatorio. Se utilizaron: Faces Pain Scale-Revised y Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Dolor posoperatorio agudo fue una puntuación ≥6. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: la incidencia de dolor postoperatorio agudo fue del 15,8% (IC 95%: 10,7%-20,4%) en el primer día postoperatorio. Ansiedad preoperatoria (HR=2,23; p=0,049), dolor preoperatorio agudo (HR=2,78; p=0,031) y haber sido sometido a dos procedimientos quirúrgicos (HR=2,91; p=0,002) se asociaron con dolor postoperatorio agudo. Conclusiones la incidencia de dolor agudo autoinformado en el postoperatorio después del alta hospitalaria fue alta. Ansiedad, dolor preoperatorio agudo y haber realizado dos intervenciones quirúrgicas al mismo tiempo fueron factores de riesgo.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. METHODS: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. RESULTS: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. CONCLUSIONS: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

Associated Factors of Quality of Life in Prison Officers, Brazil.

This study analyzed factors associated with the quality of life (QoL) of prison officers (POs) in the Midwest Region of Brazil. POs in five penitentiary units participated in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic data were obtained through face to face interview and a World Health Organization Quality of Life abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was applied to assess QoL. Student's t-test or ANOVA were used for bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression was applied for adjusted analysis. The domains used for outcomes were: physical, psychological, social relations, and the environment. The lowest score among WHOQOL-BREF domains was environment (59.9; 95%CI 58.0-61.5). After adjustment, the factors associated with the physical domain were 'female sex' and 'no history of workplace PO-PO violence'; factors associated with the psychological domain were 'female sex', 'without spouse', and 'no history of inmate-PO violence'; factors associated with the social relationships domain were 'female sex', 'work experience in years', 'no higher education', 'no private health insurance', and 'no history of inmate-PO violence'; and factors associated with environment domain were 'female sex', 'work experience in years', 'no private health insurance', and 'no history of PO-PO violence'. This study showed that female workers and those with a history of violence at work had worse QoL scores. This investigation highlights the importance of prison management in promoting QoL of POs, as well as support and development of strategies to prevent workplace violence.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia / Perfil de homicidio muerte de mujeres en la ciudad de Goiania / Perfil dos óbitos femininos por homicídios no município de Goiânia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. Results: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. Conclusions: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el perfil de homicidios femeninos en la cuidad de Goiânia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que caracterizó las muertes de mujeres por homicidios de 2008 a 2015, ocurridas en Goiânia, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Los casos de homicidio de mujeres ≥ 10 años que vivían en Goiânia eran elegibles. Se excluyeron otras causas de muerte. Análisis estadístico descriptivo con frecuencias. Resultados: 376 mujeres murieron por agresión, con un aumento en el porcentaje de muertes anuales. La mayoría de las víctimas eran jóvenes (57.5%), solteras (78.8%), mestizas (61.1%) y con baja educación (58.4%). El medio de agresión más frecuente fue con un arma de fuego (64.0%). Los distritos de salud con el mayor número de muertes de mujeres debido a la agresión fueron Suroeste, Centro y Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el perfil predominante de mujeres víctimas de feminicidio era joven, morena, soltera, con bajo nivel educativo y viviendo en regiones menos favorecidas.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o perfil de homicídios femininos no município de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, que caracterizou os óbitos femininos por homicídios de 2008 a 2015, ocorridos em Goiânia, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram elegíveis casos de homicídios de mulheres com idade ≥ 10 anos que residiam em Goiânia. Foram excluídas as outras causas de morte. Análise estatística descritiva com frequências. Resultados: 376 mulheres morreram por agressão, observando-se um aumento da porcentagem de óbitos anualmente. A maioria das vítimas era jovens (57,5%), solteiras (78,8%), pardas (61,1 %) e de baixa escolaridade (58,4%). O meio de agressão mais frequente foi com arma de fogo (64,0%). Os distritos sanitários com maior registro de óbitos femininos por agressão foram Sudoeste, Centro e Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusões: o perfil predominante das mulheres vítimas de feminicídio foi jovens, pardas, solteiras, com baixo nível de escolaridade e moradoras de regiões menos favorecidas.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia / Perfil de homicidio muerte de mujeres en la ciudad de Goiania / Perfil dos óbitos femininos por homicídios no município de Goiânia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. Results: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. Conclusions: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el perfil de homicidios femeninos en la cuidad de Goiânia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que caracterizó las muertes de mujeres por homicidios de 2008 a 2015, ocurridas en Goiânia, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Los casos de homicidio de mujeres ≥ 10 años que vivían en Goiânia eran elegibles. Se excluyeron otras causas de muerte. Análisis estadístico descriptivo con frecuencias. Resultados: 376 mujeres murieron por agresión, con un aumento en el porcentaje de muertes anuales. La mayoría de las víctimas eran jóvenes (57.5%), solteras (78.8%), mestizas (61.1%) y con baja educación (58.4%). El medio de agresión más frecuente fue con un arma de fuego (64.0%). Los distritos de salud con el mayor número de muertes de mujeres debido a la agresión fueron Suroeste, Centro y Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el perfil predominante de mujeres víctimas de feminicidio era joven, morena, soltera, con bajo nivel educativo y viviendo en regiones menos favorecidas.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o perfil de homicídios femininos no município de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, que caracterizou os óbitos femininos por homicídios de 2008 a 2015, ocorridos em Goiânia, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram elegíveis casos de homicídios de mulheres com idade ≥ 10 anos que residiam em Goiânia. Foram excluídas as outras causas de morte. Análise estatística descritiva com frequências. Resultados: 376 mulheres morreram por agressão, observando-se um aumento da porcentagem de óbitos anualmente. A maioria das vítimas era jovens (57,5%), solteiras (78,8%), pardas (61,1 %) e de baixa escolaridade (58,4%). O meio de agressão mais frequente foi com arma de fogo (64,0%). Os distritos sanitários com maior registro de óbitos femininos por agressão foram Sudoeste, Centro e Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusões: o perfil predominante das mulheres vítimas de feminicídio foi jovens, pardas, solteiras, com baixo nível de escolaridade e moradoras de regiões menos favorecidas.

Factors Associated with Marital Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Patients with Mental Disorders.

(1) Background: The aim of this research was to analyze factors associated with quality of life (QoL) and marital satisfaction in married family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all community mental health services in Goiania municipality, Brazil, in 2016-2017. Married family caregivers of patients with severe and persistent mental disorders were recruited and their QoL and marital satisfaction was assessed by using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF) and Marital Satisfaction Scale. Multiple linear regressions were performed to identify factors associated with QoL and marital satisfaction. (3) Results: For 163 family caregivers, the psychological and environmental QoL domains presented the best and the worst scores, respectively. Factors independently associated with better QoL for caregivers were male caregiver, the younger age of a caregiver, >8 years of schooling, ≥5 years as a caregiver who performed physical activities, caregiver without chronic disease, and no patient's crisis in the last 30 days. Factors independently associated with marital satisfaction of the caregiver were male caregiver, caregiver with >8 years of schooling, caregiver who received support by relatives to care for the patient, caregiver who performed physical activities, no patient's crisis in the last 30 days, and patient hospitalization in the last six months; (4) Conclusions: The main predictor for marital satisfaction was support by relatives, and for QoL it was no patient's crisis in the last 30 days.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian elderly cohort.

We aimed to investigate the nasopharyngeal colonization (NPC) by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in the elderly population and to assess the demographic factors associated with NPC. This was an observational cohort study in which outpatients aged ≥60 years were enrolled from April to August 2017, with a follow-up visit from September through December 2017. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected, bacteria were detected and isolated, and isolates were subjected to phenotypic and molecular characterization using standard microbiological techniques. At enrolment, the rates of S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae among 776 elderly outpatients were 15.9%, 2.3%, 2.5%, and 2.2%, respectively. Toxin production was detected in 21.1% of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and three SCCmec types were identified: II/IIb, IVa, and VI. At the follow-up visit, all carriage rates were similar (p > 0.05) to the rates at enrolment. Most of S. pneumoniae serotypes were not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), except for 7F, 3, and 19A. All strains of H. influenzae were non-typeable. Previous use of antibiotics and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (p < 0.05) were risk factors for S. aureus and MRSA carriage; S. aureus colonization was also associated with chronic kidney disease (p = 0.021). S. pneumoniae carriage was associated with male gender (p = 0.032) and an absence of diabetes (p = 0.034), while not receiving an influenza vaccine (p = 0.049) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.031) were risk factors for H. influenzae colonization. The frailty of study participants was not associated with colonization status. We found a higher S. aureus carriage rate compared with the S. pneumoniae- and H. influenzae-carriage rates in a well-attended population in a geriatric outpatient clinic. This is one of the few studies conducted in Brazil that can support future colonization studies among elderly individuals.

Long-term effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Brazil.

Brazil introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) to the routine national immunization program (NIP) in March 2010. In 2017, we investigated the effects of PCV10 on nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-types (VT) and non-vaccine-types (NVT) of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) among children living in São Paulo city. We also compared the prevalence of VT and NVT with previous carriage surveys performed in 2010 (baseline) and 2013. METHOD: The carriage survey was conducted among 531 children, aged 12 months to <24 months, recruited from public Primary Health Units during the immunization campaign, using previous surveys methodology, except for qPCR, which was performed in the 2017 survey only. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found in the prevalence of Spn either by culture (59.7%) or by qPCR (61.2%). Spn carriage increased from 40.3% (baseline) to 59.7% (2017 survey) (p < 0.001). Colonization by VT isolates significantly decreased by 90.9% (19.8-1.8%) and 95.5% (19.8-0.9%) in the 2013 and 2017 surveys, respectively, compared to that at baseline. NVT isolates increased significantly by 128% (19.6-44.8%) and 185% (19.6-55.9%) in the respective post-PCV10 surveys, most led to high prevalence of serotypes 6C (27%), 15B (9.8%), 19A (9.2%), 15A (6.0%), and 16F (5.7%). In 2017, reduction in serotype 6A (4.2-0.6%, p < 0.001) and increase in serotype 19A (1.8-6.0%, p = 0.001) were found; serotype 3 isolate was not detected in the present survey. We identified the emergence of 19A isolates CC320, associated with high penicillin (MIC ≥ 2.0 mg/L) and cefotaxime (MIC ≥ 1.0 mg/L) values. CONCLUSION: After 7 years of PCV10 introduction in the NIP, colonization by VT among toddlers decreased substantially to a residual level, along with substantial serotype replacement by novel serotypes not present in any current conjugated pneumococcal vaccine and serotype 19A. The present findings can assist policy decisions in Brazil.

Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in people living in poverty in the central-west region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: People living in poverty (PLP) are highly vulnerable to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HBV infection in PLP in the metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás State, in the Central-West Region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2016 in adults aged ≥12 years living in poverty. The following serological markers for HBV were investigated: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBV core antigen (total anti-HBc), IgM anti-HBc, and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), which were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed to verify the factors associated with HBV exposure. RESULTS: The study included 378 participants. The overall prevalence rate of HBV (any viral marker) was 9.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-13.2). The prevalence rate of HBsAg in combination with total anti-HBc was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.3-2.4), total anti-HBc in combination with anti-HBs was 7.7% (95% CI, 5.4-10.9), and total anti-HBc alone was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.5-3.0) in the population. Furthermore, isolated positivity for anti-HBs was identified in only 25.4% (95% CI, 21.3-30.0) of the participants. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), female sex (APR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.01-4.73), sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol (APR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.36-7.06), and exposure to Treponema pallidum (APR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.36-7.06) were associated with HBV exposure. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of HBV exposure in PLP in the Central-West Region of Brazil, indicating significant viral spread of the infection. Additionally, there was low serological evidence of immunisation against hepatitis B, indicating that a large proportion of the participants in this study are susceptible to the infection. The results support the need for public health policies that facilitate access to the existing healthcare services in hard-to-reach groups with special regard to immunisation programmes against hepatitis B.

Long-term effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Brazil

Brazil introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) to the routine national immunization program (NIP) in March 2010. In 2017, we investigated the effects of PCV10 on nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-types (VT) and non-vaccine-types (NVT) of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) among children living in São Paulo city. We also compared the prevalence of VT and NVT with previous carriage surveys performed in 2010 (baseline) and 2013. Method: The carriage survey was conducted among 531 children, aged 12 months to <24 months, recruited from public Primary Health Units during the immunization campaign, using previous surveys methodology, except for qPCR, which was performed in the 2017 survey only. Results: No statistical difference was found in the prevalence of Spn either by culture (59.7%) or by qPCR (61.2%). Spn carriage increased from 40.3% (baseline) to 59.7% (2017 survey) (p < 0.001). Colonization by VT isolates significantly decreased by 90.9% (19.8­1.8%) and 95.5% (19.8­0.9%) in the 2013 and 2017 surveys, respectively, compared to that at baseline. NVT isolates increased significantly by 128% (19.6­44.8%) and 185% (19.6­55.9%) in the respective post-PCV10 surveys, most led to high prevalence of serotypes 6C (27%), 15B (9.8%), 19A (9.2%), 15A (6.0%), and 16F (5.7%). In 2017, reduction in serotype 6A (4.2­0.6%, p < 0.001) and increase in serotype 19A (1.8­6.0%, p = 0.001) were found; serotype 3 isolate was not detected in the present survey. We identified the emergence of 19A isolates CC320, associated with high penicillin (MIC 2.0 mg/L) and cefotaxime (MIC 1.0 mg/L) values. Conclusion: After 7 years of PCV10 introduction in the NIP, colonization by VT among toddlers decreased substantially to a residual level, along with substantial serotype replacement by novel serotypes not present in any current conjugated pneumococcal vaccine and serotype 19A. The present findings can assist policy decisions in Brazil

Predictive factors of the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants: a prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding and the risk factors associated to its interruption in premature infants after hospital discharge. METHOD: this is a prospective cohort with 113 premature infants in a neonatal unit, whom were followed-up from 7 to 15 days after hospital discharge. The outcome was the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal and neonatal exposure variables were evaluated by a regression model and described by the confidence interval (95%) and risk ratio. RESULTS: exclusive breastfeeding rate was 81.4% at discharge and 66.4% at 7 to 15 days after discharge. Double gestation, time of mechanical ventilation and birth weight were associated with higher risks of interruption of exclusive breastfeeding after discharge. CONCLUSION: there is a need for the implementation of actions that promote the early onset and maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants.

Predictive factors of the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding in premature infants: a prospective cohort / Factores predictivos de la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva en prematuros: cohorte prospectiva / Fatores preditivos da interrupção de aleitamento materno exclusivo em prematuros: coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the incidence of exclusive breastfeeding and the risk factors associated to its interruption in premature infants after hospital discharge. Method: this is a prospective cohort with 113 premature infants in a neonatal unit, whom were followed-up from 7 to 15 days after hospital discharge. The outcome was the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal and neonatal exposure variables were evaluated by a regression model and described by the confidence interval (95%) and risk ratio. Results: exclusive breastfeeding rate was 81.4% at discharge and 66.4% at 7 to 15 days after discharge. Double gestation, time of mechanical ventilation and birth weight were associated with higher risks of interruption of exclusive breastfeeding after discharge. Conclusion: there is a need for the implementation of actions that promote the early onset and maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding of premature infants.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la incidencia de la lactancia materna exclusiva y los factores de riesgo asociados a su interrupción en prematuros después del alta hospitalaria. Método: cohorte prospectiva con 113 prematuros en unidad neonatal, acompañados de 7 a 15 días después del alta hospitalaria. El resultado fue la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Las variables de exposición materna y neonatal fueron evaluadas por medio del modelo de regresión y descritas por la razón de riesgo e intervalo de confianza (95%). Resultados: la incidencia de lactancia materna exclusiva fue del 81,4% en la alta y del 66,4% entre 7 y 15 días después del alta. Las variables gestación doble, tiempo de ventilación y peso al nacer se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva después del alta. Conclusión: es necesaria la implementación de acciones que promuevan el inicio precoz y el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna exclusiva del prematuro.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência do aleitamento materno exclusivo e os fatores de risco associados à interrupção de aleitamento materno exclusivo em prematuros após a alta hospitalar. Método: Coorte prospectiva com 113 prematuros em unidade neonatal, e acompanhados entre 7 e 15 dias após a alta hospitalar. Teve-se como desfecho a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. As variáveis de exposição maternas e neonatais foram avaliadas por meio do modelo de regressão e descritas pela razão de risco e intervalo de confiança (95%). Resultados: A incidência de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 81,4% na alta e 66,4% entre 7 e 15 dias após a alta. As variáveis gestação dupla, tempo de ventilação e peso ao nascer foram associadas a um maior risco de interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo após a alta. Conclusão: É necessária a implementação de ações que promovam o início precoce e manutenção do aleitamento materno exclusivo no prematuro.